Western Art: Types, History and Famous Artists

Western Art: Types, History and Famous Artists Art which is followed by European countries are referred as Western Art, and also those art are accepted by those countries. When we see about the history of western art it takes us to the middle of the ancient middle east and ancient times of Egypt and also the civilization of ancient Aegean. It aates back to the 3rd millennium. On the same time line, when the western art is carried on there are also one or the other form existed among Europe. The influence of the western art lasted for the next two thousand years, that fell into the memory of the medival period. Even western art is divided into many style of periods and those periods are also subdivided. History These are furthers of subdivided. Western art is art of European country. It developed in the 3rd millennium period. At the beginning art was started like just to fill up. The flat surface. Then it developed into representing optical illusions. On the other hand, western art is influenced by secularism. Since the classical times. Where for the past 200 years the art made was done without any ideology or without any reference with any religion. Whereas western art is often influenced by politics of one or the other of that period. This drive towards pictorial of the realism gone to the peak and they came to the invention of photography. There beginnings of the arts were they like the still lives. Here I am going to compare the contrast between Cubism and Surrealism. Types of western art Sumerian art Persian art Celtic art Roman art Romanesque art Gothic art Renaissance Baroque art Realism Impressionism Post impressionism Fauvism Expressionist Decorative arts Cubism Surrealism Pop art Islamic art Egyptian art Ancient Greek art Modern art Cubism Cubism is invented by Pablo Picasso in (1881-1973) another artist is Georges Braque in 1882 and consider the revolt movement of the art. He use the cubes style, triangles and the some normal shapes of paint anything because. This is the most famous painting Juan Gris. Juan Gris Portrait of Picasso (1912) Cubism is the most fundamental, ground-breaking, and influential ism of twentieth-period art. It is wholerejection of Traditional conception of loveliness. Cubism was the joint creation of two men, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Their success was made the base of Picassos initial work then advanced to a Synthetic Cubism. As the many stages of Cubism occurred from their workshops, it developed strong to the art world that rather of countless meaning was trendy. The essential inventions of the new grace muddled the public, but the avant-garde saying in them the upcoming of art and original test, Sizes, biological truth and endurance of life examples and substantial objects are wild. Painting resembles a field of broken glass as one spiteful opponent renowned. This geometrically logical method to form and colour, and crushing of article in effort into geometrical sharp-edged bony smithereens baptized the drive into Cubism. A near look exposes very logical obliteration or somewhat deconstruction into bony 3-dymensional cool surfaces, some of which are giving others convex. Cubism suspicions whole images apparent by the retina, reflects t hem artificial and conventional, based on the effect of historical art. It discards these images and knows that perspective interplanetary is an illusory, lucid invention or a sign system congenital from everything of art since the Renaissance. History of Cubism (c.1908-12) The first work of Picasso is still life with chair caning. There are many types of phases of Cubism. The Cubism paintings will look fantastic, like more broken pieces. But all the edges are connected to other pieces. They were the analysis of form and breaking down the paintings. The right-angled lines and straight lines Were looking appear as sculptures. In the collage media works he used some painting on the media. Development of modern art It has been radical film impressionism and the post impressionism. The idea of the space was found in the new method of cubism. The geometrical shape is filling their complete plane. Created by Pablo Picasso (1881 to 1973) and Georges Braque (1882 to 1963) and measured to be the radical program of modern art, Cubism was a more intelligent stylishness of painting that travelled the two-dimensional picture by present diverse views of the same object, classically agreed in a sequences of overlapping remains somewhat like a photographer might take some photos of an article from altered angles, before cutting them up with cutters and reorganizing them in hit-or-missfashion on a flat surface. This analytical Cubism (which created by Picassos Les Demoiselles d Avignon) rapidly provided way to synthetic Cubism: when performers began to include found article in their paintings, such as collages made since newspaper cutting. Famous Cubists contain the artists Juan Gris (1887 to 1927), Fernand Leger (1881 to 1927), Robert Delaunay (1885 to 1941), Albert Gleizes (1881 to 1953), Roger de La Fresnaye (1885 to 1925) Jena Metzinger (1883 to 1956), and Francis Picabia (1879 to 19 53), Marcel Duchamp (1887 to 1968) he is a avant-garde artist, and the sculptors Jacques Lipchitz (1891 to 1973) and Alexander Archipenko (1887 to 1964) short lived its highly influential, Cubism introduce new styles of collage (1912 onwards) Orphism (1912 to1916, Purism (1920s) Precisionism (1920s, 1930s) Futurism (1909 to 1914) Rayonism (c.1901 to1920) Suprematism (1913 to 1920) Constructivism (c.1917 to 1921) and Vorticism (c.1913 to 1915). Famous artists Fernand leger Albert gleizes Roger de la fresnaye Jean metzinger Francis picabia Marcel Duchamp Sculptor Jacques Lipchitz Alexander archipenko Surrealism (Beginning in 1924) The Elephant Celebes by Max Ernst(1921) It was acreative movement that transported together artists, philosophers and investigators in search of sense of look of the unconscious. They were penetrating for the meaning of new artistic, new humankind and a new social order. Surrealists had their forerunners in Italian Metaphysical Artists (Giorgio de Chirico) in early 1910s. As the artistic movement, Surrealism came into existence after the French writer Andre Breton 1924 published the first Manifested du surrealism. In this book Breton optional that balanced supposed was oppressive to the controls of originality and fancy and thus hostile to artistic look. An admirer of Sigmund Freud and his idea of the subliminal, Breton felt that contact with this hidden part of the mind might produce lyricalfact. Mostly entrenched in the anti-art civilizations of the Dada movement (1916 to 1924), in addition to the psychoanalytical thoughts of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, Surrealism was the more influential art. Rendering to its chief philosopher, Ander Breton, it sought to syndicate the comatose with the aware, in instruction to make a new super-reality a surrealism the movement crossed a huge range of styles, from concept to true-life realism, characteristically interrupted with unreal imagery. Significant Surrealists included Salvador Dali (1904 to 1989), Max Ernst (1891 to 1976), Rene Magritte (1898 to 1967), Ander Masson (1896 to 1987), Yves Tanguy (1900 to 1055), Joan Miro (1893 to 1983), Giorgio de Chirico (1888 to 1978), Jean Arp (1886 to 1966), and Man Ray (1890 to 76). The movement has a major impact of European during in (1930) period, it has major forerunner to Conceptualism, and lasts to fine supporters in fine art, works and photography. The psychoanalytical idea of the sigmud Freud and the cral Jung. Surrealism was the influential of art style of the interwar year. Famous artists Max Ernst Rene Magritte Andre Masson Yves Tanguy Joan miro Giorgio de Chirico Jean arp Man ray R.Manimaran

Psychopathy Influences and Factors Essay

Psychopathy has been around for hundreds of years and with a variety of names. In the early 1800s it was considered â€Å"moral insanity† and was based on the antisocial and nonconformity of individuals in society, but not necessarily criminal (Vitacco, Neuman & Jackson, 2005). Today, the same description holds true to some extent. Merriam-Webster (2008) defines psychopathy as â€Å"a mental disorder† showing symptoms of insensitive and antisocial behavior. In the early view this disorder was viewed as just a deficit of character, where today, psychopathy is viewed as a treatable disorder that has ties to violent and non-violent behaviors (Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007). By the early 1940s, a set standard of 16 criteria was used to diagnose this moral insanity or psychopathy. This diagnosis tool was focused on the behavior and personality traits and actions of the person, but had not been viewed as a factor in studying criminal behavior (Vitacco, Neuman & Jackson, 2005). This early 20th Century research in the field of psychopathy, it has blossomed and grown in to a psychological field of science all its own. In the 1980s the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) which listed the criterion from the initial research as well as new criterion for a total of 20 characteristics. The PCL was used on prisoners and criminally hospitalized people to show a correlation between psychopathy tendencies, and crime and violence. Eventually the PCL was modified a bit more to include the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV), Psychopathy: Revised (PCL:R), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). All of these checklists have one thing in common; each can be used as a prediction tool in the relation of psychopathy traits and criminal activity (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). In just about every study there are four factors that are considered basic traits of the psychopathy personality. These four factors are found as predictors in each of the PCLs used in today’s psychopathy research. The traits include interpersonal detachment, affective disorders, non-conforming behavioral traits, and general antisocial actions (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). While most of the recent research has been used mainly on the male populations in prisons, juvenile institutions and psychiatric hospitals, the researchers who long believed the standard set did not fit with the female personality have begun to change the mindset. Many demographic factors including gender and race are being used to determine correlations and causes of the psychopathy personality. Psychopathy and Female Gender In more recent years, there has been an insurgent amount of research based on the psychopathy tendencies and predictability of female youth and adult offenders. The initial studies using any of the PCLs and including women as participants did not show a significant correlation between the psychopathic female and criminal behavior. However, more and more studies are showing correlations between and the prediction of criminal behavior in adult and adolescent female individuals with psychopathy personalities. One study of mixed adolescents began with the assumption of female participants having underlying factors that are not accounted for in the normal questions of the CPL:YV. This assumption was based on the ideal of the differences in the development of female and male adolescents. This study discovered some interesting information. While it was unable to predict non-violent activities in male or female participants, the female participants had extreme values in the prediction of violent behavior. This was one of the first studies including females that proved it would be used reliable for prediction of female violence (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006). In fact, the mean association with female prediction was 21. 8 with a standard deviation of 5. 8, while male counterparts had a mean association with prediction of 22. 1 and a standard deviation of 6. 9.  This shows a correlation in the reliability of the predicting feature of this checklist in relation to female participants (Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006). There have also been studies on adult females with psychopathy traits that have found a decrease in intelligence with an increase in anxiety and psychopathic tendencies. This study allowed researchers to show the validity and reliability of the PCL:SV or PCL:R as a predicting too l in violent behavior and recidivism possibilities in both female inpatients and outpatients who participated in the study. Finally the task is not more just trying to understand the why and what of the male psychopath but the female psychopathy is gaining more ground and more research is being conducted now and in the future (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007) Psychopathy and Race Within many of the same studies that are looking at female psychopaths, researchers are also declaring that race may be a factor in the onset of psychopathy tendencies. Most studies unfortunately, are coming up short with little significance in any correlation between race and psychopathic traits. In fact, the majority of the studies are showing a much higher significance in the correlation between gender and psychopathy than race and psychopathy (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). This does not mean that the researchers will stop working toward finding the cause especially if it is a demographic in nature. Today’s researchers are working long and hard to gain a better understanding of what is the true cause of psychopathy and if there are any signs that we can focus on when the child is still young. Psychopathy Treatments At this time, there is not known, end all, treatment for psychopathy. The reason for this is due to the number of factors that can attribute to the psychopathy traits. Just being antisocial is not psychopath and just being insensitive is not psychopath. The fact of the matter is that most psychopaths enter treatment just to quit almost immediately. The fact that the disorder is not associated with any practical or tangible pain or symptoms make this disorder easily ignored by the patient and the community. Without tangible repercussions, the treatment is meaningless and the individual returns to the actions of the past (Reid & Gacono, 2005). Another problem is that no psychiatric medications seem to work to change the inherent traits of the psychopath. Without the use of normal types of therapy and medication treatment of this disorder is extremely hard. The only treatment that seems to work with psychopaths is the extreme treatments with rigorous and unchangeable schedules such as â€Å"wilderness programs† and such that take the individual out of normal life and into a boot camp like setting with structure and guidance. However, this rigorous lifestyle is usually abandoned as soon and the program is over (Reid & Gacono, 2005). Recidivism of Psychopathy Personalities  Recidivism is basically the chance of a person returning to a way of life that is unacceptable, be the actions criminal, or just not acceptable to the community. In either case, a person who has been diagnosed with a psychopathy disorder is more likely to return to previous actions. In fact, the CPL:R is an incredibly accurate predictor of recidivism in persons with psychopathy tendencies. Studies have shown that a higher value in psychopathy and higher value in anxiety correlates with a lower intelligence value and a better chance of acting out in a violent way. If the violent action had been used previously, then the chance of recidivism was even more likely (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). Another study showed that many women with psychopathy tendencies also have what is called â€Å"selective attention abnormalities† that cause the women to exhibit violent and criminal actions. The action is not emotionally motivated but is an inherent deficit in the personality of the person (Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007). Conclusion In reality, more studies have to be conducted on psychopathy in mixed populations as well as single demographic variables. The field may have been around for over 200 years, but it is only now that science is catching up and finally giving some results that researches can use and help to treat this disorder (Reid, & Gacono, 2000; Ross, Benning, & Adams, 2007;Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, & Brownlee, 2006; Vitacco, Neumann, & Jackson, 2005; Vitale, Brinkley, Hiatt, & Newman, 2007; Wormith, Olver, Stevenson, & Girard, 2007). Psychopathy is not psychotic. There is a difference, but the violent tendencies are just below the surface, and the reason the traits are provoked is still widely unknown. The more research and the clearer the view of this disorder, the more help we can offer to those who are diagnosed in the future.

Finnis’s Natural Law Theory

Basically, Finn's's natural law theory are divided into three main parts, each with its own purpose and function. According to Finnis, there are first, a set of notions that â€Å"indicate the basic forms of human flourishing as goods to be pursued and realized† and that every human being should have the idea on how they should act. Secondly, Finnis further argued on the notion of â€Å"a set of basic methodological requirements of practical reasonableness †¦ Which distinguish sound from unsound practical thinking and . provide the criteria for distinguishing between [reasonable and unreasonable acts]. Thirdly, a methodological requirements that allows one to distinguish between acting morally right or morally wrong and â€Å"to formulate . .. a set of general moral standards†. 1. First Main Part of Finnis Natural Law Theory : Basic Human Goods Finn's' naturalism is both an ethical theory and a theory of law. Finnis introduced the theory of basic goods in human li fe as the first part of his natural law theory.Based on the set of notions that, â€Å"indicate the basic forms of human flourishing as goods to be pursued and realized† which according to Finnis, every reasonable person would ssent to the value of these basic goods as objects of human striving, and these basic goods are â€Å"indemonstrable but self-evident principles [that shape] our practical reasoning. â€Å"Finnis distinguishes a number of equally valuable basic goods namely, life, practical reasonableness, knowledge, play, friendship, religion, and aesthetic experience.Finnis argues that the list of basic goods is exhaustive in that â€Å"other objectives and forms of good will be found †¦ to be ways or combinations of ways of pursuing .. and realizing †¦ one of the seven basic forms of good, or some combination of hem. † His argument basically means that in order to achieved the basic good, the elements of seven basic goods must be fulfilled. A perso n is said to achieved basic goods even if he achieved either one of the basic forms or combinations of the basic forms, he don't need to pursue all of the seven basic goods at the same time.Since the human basic goods does not provide any hierarchy between the seven forms, hence, the basic goods are incommensurable. According to Finn's, none of the basic goods â€Å"can be analytically reduced to being merely an aspect of any of the others, or o being merely instrumental in the pursuit of any of the others,† and â€Å"each one, when we focus on it, can reasonably be regarded as the most important. In simple words, Finnis argues that, each of the forms of basic goods are to be distinguished from each other because each forms has intrinsic values. 1. 1 .Knowledge Stating that knowledge is good, or thinking of knowledge as a value, is not the same as saying that knowledge is a moral value. By saying knowledge is to be pursued† since it is ag and that goods are to be pursu ed†Finnis is not saying that a moral obligation has been created. Finnis's basic goods are to be thought of as intrinsically good in that all of these values should be considered good for their own sake and not for an instrumental purpose Finnis more particularly describes the good of knowledge as that of speculative knowledge, explaining that this good is the good of knowledge being â€Å"sought for its own sake. This reference to knowledge can also be articulated as truth†so that one can say that this is truth sought for its own sake in the same manner as knowledge. Here, Finnis is not describing an instrumental use of knowledge, but rather â€Å"the pure desire to know' merely out of curiosity and â€Å"an nterest in or concern for truth and a desire to avoid ignorance or error † Finn's's primary argument for the value of the knowledge, as for the value of other items on his list, is by appeal to the reader's intuition: It is obvious that those who are well-i nformed, etc. simply are better-off(other thing being equal) than someone who is muddled, deluded, and ignorant, that the state of the former is better that the state of the latter, not Just in particular case of that, but in all cases, as such, universally, and whether I like it Otr not. Knowledge is better that ignorance

The Problems of the Prohibition Era Organized Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 493 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Prohibition Essay Did you like this example? When Prohibition took effect on January 17, 1920, and banned the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages thousands of formerly legal saloons and bars across the country closed down. This angered many people; the supply and the demand for the illegal alcohol was going up, so people known as bootleggers have decided to go private and do it clandestinely. Bootleggers are now smuggling alcohol from the surrounding countries, some are buying prescription alcohol, and others have decided to produce their own moonshine at home. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Problems of the Prohibition Era: Organized Crime" essay for you Create order We have tried going after the bootleggers, however it is a very tough job since they are very crafty about where they hide their liquor. The smuggling of alcohol makes them be criminals says Sheriff George S. Matthews. Prohibition opened a gateway to earn huge amounts of money to bootlegs such as Al Capone. Al Capone was born in 1899 in New York and later went on to becoming the most infamous gangster in American history. Today in 1920 during the height of prohibition, Capones multi-million dollar Chicago operation in bootlegging, prostitution and gambling is dominating the organized crime scene. Capone is responsible for many brutal acts of violence, mainly against other gangsters (AE Television Networks). He is controlling the Chicago liquor business by killing other competitors and is currently being wanted by the federal police. Unfortunately he isnt the only one. There are many other people just like him, who we simply just do not know about. Prohibition has created a black market in which criminals are violently fighting over the liquor markets. These activities are so real and substantial that they require action from the federal government. Simple policeman like me who are paid poorly, are easily bought by the bootleggers complains Sheriff Matthews. Many more people are now mass-producing moonshine privately on their own; making themselves be criminals. Most of the time the moonshine turns ou t to be intoxicated which causes many complications such as death. We are very frustrated that people are still consuming so much alcohol even after it was banned, so we have decided to try a different kind of enforcement and manipulation says federal sheriff. The Federal Government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols that are regularly stolen by bootleggers and resold as drinkable spirits. The idea was to scare people into giving up illicit drinking. Instead the federal poisoning program, by some estimates has already killed at least 10,000 people (Sociology Department, New York). The New York City police commissioner estimated it was home to thirty-two thousand drinking saloons. That is double the number of saloons and illegal bars before the prohibition. This is a very serious issue. The first and the most important thing we must do is to get rid of the prohibition experiment. And then it would be much easier to lower down and control organized crime. Our country is in pretty big trouble, even though we might not be able to notice it at once says Sheriff George S. Matthews.